Immunohistochemistry — A classic biological detection technology integrating immunology, histochemistry and microscopic imaging

The immune checkpoint molecule, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), critically regulates T-cell activation upon binding PD-L1 or PD-L2, making it a key target in cancer immunotherapy.

Using multiplex immunohistochemistry, the study dissected TIME features of gastric cancer from both immune‑cell density and spatial distribution dimensions and constructed a multi‑dimensional tumor‑infiltrating immune‑cell predictive model, aiming to address the clinical challenge of accurate efficacy prediction for gastric cancer immunotherapy.

A combination of multiple biomarkers are required to characterize the phenotype of myeloid cell lineages.

Ferroptosis is a promising programmed cell death modality for cancer therapy, driven by iron overload and the accumulation of phospholipid peroxides that culminate in lethal membrane damage.

This document compiles frequently‑asked questions on data processing, standard curve fitting, anomaly troubleshooting, result interpretation and reporting specifications for quantitative and qualitative ELISA assays. It follows practical laboratory standards, supports beginners and experimental review, unifies criteria for data processing and result judgment, and helps avoid common experimental errors and misinterpretations.

In ELISA experiments, many researchers confuse qualitative ELISA with quantitative ELISA, leading to improper kit selection, result interpretation bias and redundant workflows. Though both are based on the core principle of antigen‑antibody specific binding, they differ significantly in experimental purpose, workflow, output format and application scenarios. This document compiles frequently‑asked questions from scientific research, clinical testing and inspection industries to address core concerns of qualitative and quantitative ELISA.

The core principle of pathological staining is to exploit differences in chemical affinity between tissue or cellular components and specific dyes, rendering them in different colors through chemical reactions or physical adsorption, so that cell structures, tissue types, or specific substances can be clearly distinguished under the microscope.

ELISA is the most commonly used quantitative detection technique in biological experiments and clinical testing. The accuracy and reproducibility of experimental results highly depend on standardized sample addition procedures and controlled incubation conditions. Most issues in ELISA experiments, such as false positives, false negatives, numerical deviations, and large inter-well differences, are not due to reagent quality but result from improper control of three core details: temperature, time, and light protection.

Western Blot (WB), also known as protein immunoblotting, is used to separate and identify specific proteins from complex mixtures and is a widely used basic protein analysis method.