The authors innovatively used multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry (mIHC) technology, using tumor tissue and adjacent normal tissue from 84 colorectal cancer patients to construct tissue microarrays (TMA), simultaneously detecting the expression levels of cancer stem cell marker CD133, immune checkpoint molecule PD-L1, tumor-associated antigen HER2, and macrophage marker CD68, combining clinicopathological features with 7-year follow-up data to explore the diagnostic and prognostic value of these markers in colorectal cancer, providing new technical support and theoretical basis for precise diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer.

MAPK Family; MAPKKK; MAPKK

Serum and Plasma are samples obtained from blood through different processing methods. Due to the influence of the coagulation process, there are certain differences in their components, and these differences are reflected throughout sample preparation and storage. It is important to understand these before sample collection to choose the most appropriate sample preparation strategy.

Lysine Methyltransferase SET domain-containing proteins are potential histone methyltransferases (HMTases), which are classified into subgroups by their putative substrate specificities.

The core principle of ELISA experiments is the specific binding of antigens and antibodies, while endogenous enzymes in samples can non-specifically catalyze substrate reactions or destroy antigen/antibody structures, leading to abnormal experimental signals and interference. Many customers often encounter issues such as biased test results, false positives or false negatives when conducting ELISA experiments, due to the failure to clarify the sources of various enzymes in the samples and add enzyme inhibitors in a targeted manner. To help customers accurately avoid this experimental pain point and efficiently complete ELISA experiments, EnkiLife has compiled the "Serum and Plasma Enzyme Source Reference Table", while combining core experimental needs to popularize the sources of serum and plasma enzymes and their association with ELISA experimental interference, helping everyone exclude interference and ensure reliable experimental results by clarifying enzyme sources and rationally adding enzyme inhibitors.

Precise analysis of the tumor microenvironment is the core foundation for cancer diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and treatment decision-making. However, traditional tissue imaging techniques have obvious limitations: single immunofluorescence (IF) imaging can detect multiple molecular markers but lacks histological context, making it difficult to accurately localize cell types and distributions. Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) staining, as the gold standard for pathological diagnosis, clearly presents tissue morphology but cannot provide molecular-level immune characteristic information. Existing multiplex imaging techniques either have complex processes and are time-consuming, or have issues such as fluorescence crosstalk and insufficient reagent stability, making it difficult to achieve simultaneous precise detection of molecular markers + tissue morphology.

Housekeeping proteins perform numerous basic functions within the cell and are constitutively expressed at high levels in a variety of tissues and cell types. Western blot analysis commonly uses housekeeping proteins such as β-actin, COX IV, GAPDH, histone H3 and the α- and β-tubulins as loading controls.

Jak (Janus Kinase) and Stat (signal transducer and activator of transcription) proteins are utilized by receptors for a wide varity of ligands including cytokines, hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters. Jaks and Stats play important roles in oncogenesis, tumor progression, angiogenesis, cell motility, immune responses, and stem cell differentiation. Therefore, regulation of Jak/Stat signaling is crucial to prevent aberrant signaling which can lead to disease progression.

The four JAK family members, Jak1, Jak2, Jak3 and Tyk2, range in size from 120 to 140 kDa, and except for Jak3 (leukocyte-JAK), are expressed in most tissues (reviewed in).

Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) comprise a family of transcription factors that function within the Jak/Stat pathway to regulate interferon (IFN) and IFN-inducible gene expression in response to viral infection.