ELISA is one of the fundamental experiments in immunology, and most researchers in the life sciences field are familiar with it. Owing to its characteristics of strong specificity, high sensitivity, and accurate quantitation, ELISA technology is widely applied in both basic scientific research and clinical diagnosis. It is believed that many of our followers who pay attention to us have also performed ELISA experiments. We have compiled a list of common issues that may arise during ELISA experiments for your reference.

Recombinant antibodies can be classified into five major categories: chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, fully human antibodies, small-molecule antibodies, and bispecific antibodies.

Chemokines are members of a large family of small soluble proteins, which were discovered by their adhesion control, chemotaxis and leukocyte activation abilities. Nevertheless, it is now known they are involved in other equally important functions, namely, angiogenesis, haematopoiesis, embryologic development, B and T cell development, dendritic cell maturation, inflammation, infection, tumour growth and metastasis.

The neurotrophins are a family of closely related proteins that were first identified as survival factors for sympathetic and sensory neurons and have since been shown to control a number of aspects of survival, development, and function of neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Recombinant antibodies, also known as genetically engineered antibodies, refer to antibodies obtained through the following process: first, the corresponding gene sequences of antibodies are modified and recombined as needed using DNA recombination technology, then constructed into plasmids, and finally the constructed plasmids are transfected/transformed into suitable host cells for expression via protein heterologous expression technology.

The most commonly used solid-phase carrier in ELISA is the microplate made of polystyrene. Its adsorption of proteins forms the basis of the entire detection system, and the core principle behind this lies in the non-covalent interactions between the surface of the solid-phase material and protein molecules.

In the field of monoclonal antibody preparation, cell fusion is a key link in obtaining hybridoma cells. The purpose is to fuse B lymphocytes and myeloma cells together so that the genetic material of the two cells can be recombined with each other. The hybridoma cells obtained in this way can not only maintain the function of B cells secreting antibodies, but also obtain the characteristics of unlimited proliferation of myeloma cells.

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a widely expressed cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase involved in integrin-mediated signal transduction. It plays an important role in the control of several biological processes, including cell spreading, migration, and survival. Activation of FAK by integrin clustering leads to autophosphorylation at Tyr397, which is a binding site for the Src family kinases PI3K and PLCγ.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a three-dimensional macromolecular network composed of collagens, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, elastin, fibronectin, laminins, along with many other proteins and glycoproteins. This network of macromolecules provides a dynamic microenvironment that supports cell and tissue function, and undergoes continuous remodeling during both normal development and disease.

Coating is the process of immobilizing specific antibodies or antigens on the surface of a solid-phase carrier. Its quality directly affects the sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of the experiment. It is equivalent to building an "exclusive reaction platform" for subsequent antigen-antibody reactions.