Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading global cause of dementia, pathologically featured by extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles that cause neuronal damage and death. Genome-wide association studies have identified multiple susceptibility genes for late-onset AD, including APOE, BIN1, SORL1, TREM2, EphA1, ABCA7, MEF2C, PTK2B. This paper reviews the functions of these key risk genes and their mechanisms in AD pathogenesis, such as Aβ production and aggregation, tau pathology, microglial immune regulation, synaptic plasticity, lipid metabolism, and cerebrovascular function. Meanwhile, a panel of antibodies targeting AD‑related proteins is provided for experimental detection. Clarifying the roles of these genes helps reveal the molecular basis of AD and supports biomarker and therapeutic development.

It is the first to identify a novel form of programmed necrosis characterized by sodium overload — NECSO(Necrosis by Sodium Overload). The research defines transient receptor potential cation channel TRPM4 as the core regulator of this process, elucidates its molecular mechanism, species specificity and disease association, and identifies the first inhibitor of NECSO, providing a novel target and strategy for cell death regulation and the treatment of related diseases.

Our DNA is the treasure trove of genetic information, but it's actually quite "fragile." It can be damaged by ultraviolet rays, radiation, chemical substances, and even metabolic by-products within the cell. If DNA damage is not repaired in time, it can lead to abnormal cell function and even cancer.

Glycolysis is the metabolic process by which glucose is converted to pyruvate in a sequence of enzymatic steps. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate in glycolysis.

Glycolysis Glycolysis is the metabolic process by which glucose is converted to pyruvate in a sequence of enzymatic steps. Hexokinase catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, the first step in glycolysis. Hexokinases I, II, and III are associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane and are critical for maintaining an elevated rate of aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells (Warburg effect).

Stem cell markers are specific molecular markers used to identify and characterize stem cells. These markers play a crucial role in the research, isolation, culture, and application of stem cells. Different types of stem cells have distinct markers. Below are some common stem cell markers:

Cell proliferation is an important concept in cell biology, referring to the process by which cells increase in number through division. It is the foundation for the growth, development, reproduction, and tissue repair of living organisms. Below is a detailed introduction to cell proliferation:

Glutamine metabolism is a pivotal process in cellular physiological activities, closely linked to tumor growth, energy homeostasis, and disease pathogenesis. This paper focuses on key molecules in the glutamine metabolic pathway, including the glutamine transporter ASCT2 (SLC1A5), rate-limiting enzymes GFAT1/GFAT2, glutaminases GLS1/GLS2, glutamate dehydrogenase, GOT1, and ASNS. It elaborates on their biological functions, catalytic mechanisms, and regulatory roles in processes such as hexosamine biosynthesis, glutaminolysis, and redox balance. In addition, the correlation between abnormal expression of these molecules and diseases such as cancer, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance is discussed. Relevant antibodies for experimental research are listed to provide a theoretical reference and experimental tool support for the study of glutamine metabolism and its targeted therapy.