This article focuses on human endometrial cells (EEC), introducing their classification (normal endometrial cells and endometrial cancer cells), cell culture conditions, and applications. It emphasizes the progress of single-cell sequencing technology in EEC research, including revealing the origin and pathological process of EEC, its application in female reproductive health and menstrual cycle, and exploring the role of PTEN and PIK3CA gene mutations in endometrial cancer cells, the steps of confirming the phenotype of normal endometrial cells using immunohistochemistry, molecular markers related to EEC invasiveness and prognosis, as well as the application cases of EEC in drug screening and disease model establishment.

Human breast epithelial cells MCF 10A have non tumorigenic and three-dimensional luminal structure forming ability, and rely on factors such as insulin/EGF for growth. It is widely used in breast development simulation, breast cancer mechanism research and drug toxicity test, especially in 3D model reconstruction of acinar/duct structure. But the controversy lies in its basal phenotype, lack of stem cell characteristics, and genetic abnormalities, which may not fully represent normal breast epithelium.

The HL-60 cell line originates from 36 year old female acute promyelocytic leukemia and can be induced to differentiate into granulocytes, monocytes, etc. by DMSO, ATRA, etc. It has heterogeneity and phagocytic functions and is widely used in the study of myeloid differentiation, apoptosis mechanisms, and anti-cancer drug screening. It is an important model for leukemia research and new drug development.

The human gastric cancer cell line HGC-27 originates from undifferentiated gastric cancer tissue and has epithelial adherent growth characteristics and stem cell potential, which can form tumor spheroids. Widely used in research on proliferation, migration, invasion, and drug resistance, such as miRNA regulation and piperine inhibiting tumor progression through the Wnt/β - catenin pathway, it is an important model for exploring the mechanism and treatment of gastric cancer.

The TE-1 human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line originated from a 58 year old male patient, with epithelioid growth and a doubling time of 60-80 hours. It is commonly used in drug screening, molecular mechanism research, and involves multiple genes and signaling pathways to regulate its proliferation, migration, and other characteristics.

This article introduces the origin, biological characteristics, applications in cancer biology research, and research results of the human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 in drug sensitivity testing, signaling pathway research, and exploration of tumor development mechanisms.

Human glioblastoma U251MG is derived from the astrocytoma (grade III-IV) tissue of a 75 year old male glioblastoma patient, presenting as fibroblast like, polymorphic, and adherent growth. Cells express various biomarkers such as PDGFR alpha. It is widely used in cancer research, especially in the mechanisms of glioblastoma and drug screening. Recent research has focused on PLEKHG5 gene knockout, providing new ideas for the treatment of glioblastoma.

Human colon cancer cell HT-29 originated from a 44 year old white female colon cancer patient. It was first described by Fogh et al. in 1975 and has adherent growth, epithelioid morphology, carries multiple oncogenic gene mutations, secretes mucin, infects HIV, is sensitive to various chemotherapy drugs, and can form highly differentiated adenocarcinoma. It is widely used in the study of colon cancer and is sensitive to various compounds such as alkaloids in Semen Strychni. It can exert anti-tumor effects through mechanisms such as inducing apoptosis, inhibiting proliferation and invasion, blocking cell cycle, and inducing autophagy. It is an important drug screening and mechanism research model.

Caco-2 human colon cancer cells originate from 72 year old male rectal adenocarcinoma and can differentiate into polarized epithelial like monolayer cells, making it an ideal model for studying intestinal function and colon cancer. Its proliferation, apoptosis, and other effects are influenced by various drugs, involving many genes and molecular mechanisms, and have significant application value.

The human glioblastoma cell line A172 originates from a 53 year old male patient, presenting as fibroblast like or epithelioid, adherent growth, BSL-1 grade, and possessing unique STR loci. It has strong proliferation and migration ability, involves multiple signaling pathways, and is resistant to some radiotherapy and chemotherapy drugs. It is widely used in glioblastoma research and has different characteristics from other cell lines.