Gliomas are tumors that originate from glial cells in the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), accounting for approximately 40%-50% of all primary brain tumors. They are also one of the most common and malignant types of tumors in adults' central nervous system. Based on the originating cell type, they can be classified into astrocytomas, ependymomas, or oligodendrogliomas. Due to their infiltrative growth characteristics, they are difficult to treat, have a high recurrence rate, and significantly impact the neurological function and survival period of patients

These three techniques(RIA,ELISA,Westernblot) are fundamental immunoassay techniques in biomedicine, used to detect specific biomolecules (such as proteins, hormones, antibodies). Their core differences lie in their detection principle, target molecule, sensitivity, specificity, throughput, and application.

The indirect ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a highly sensitive and versatile immunological technique primarily used to detect the presence of specific antibodies (e.g., antibodies produced after a pathogen infection, autoantibodies) in a sample.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type of primary liver cancer worldwide (accounting for 70%-90% of primary liver cancer) and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. The development of liver cancer after hepatocyte injury is a multi-stage, multi-factor-driven complex pathological process involving molecular genetic changes and microenvironmental abnormalities, and the core logic is a vicious circle of "continuous injury→ abnormal repair→ cell malignancy→ tumor progression". This process usually takes years to decades, and the mechanism of damage varies slightly between different triggers (e.g., hepatitis B virus, alcohol, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, etc.), but there are commonalities in the final pathways

ELISA, which stands for Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, is a foundational technique in biomedical research and diagnostics. Its core principle leverages the highly specific binding reaction between an antigen and its antibody, amplifying and visualizing this interaction through an enzymatic colorimetric reaction. This allows for the qualitative or quantitative detection of extremely trace amounts of a target substance (antigen or antibody).

Gastric adenocarcinoma is the most common type of pathology in gastric cancer (about 90% of all gastric cancers). The occurrence of gastric adenocarcinoma begins with the normal gastric mucosa and undergoes a gradual development process of "chronic inflammation→ atrophic gastritis→ intestinal metaplasia→ dysplasia (intraepithelial neoplasia)", each stage is accompanied by abnormal accumulation at the molecular level. The core mechanism can be divided into three major links: external triggering, chronic inflammatory drive, and molecular genetic abnormalities.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common, chronic progressive degenerative disease of the nervous system, which mainly affects motor function and mostly occurs in middle-aged and elderly people. PD is characterized by the gradual degeneration of neurons in specific regions of the brain, namely the significant loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and the formation of intracellular Lewy bodies.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressively developing neurodegenerative disease and the most common type of Alzheimer's disease (approximately 60%-80% of all dementia cases. Its core features are progressive decline in cognitive functions (such as memory, thinking, language), as well as changes in behavior and personality, which ultimately lead to the loss of the ability to live independently. Existing studies have shown that the occurrence of AD is the result of the interaction of multiple factors such as abnormal protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, genetic factors, etc.

Western Blot；Lysis Buffer；Electrophoresis Related Reagents；SDS-PAGE

This article introduces the source, characteristics (such as immortalization, epithelial cell like morphology, etc.), culture conditions, and applications of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) in skin biology, phototoxicity, drug screening, tumor transformation, and other fields. It also discusses their research in oxidative stress, UV damage, signaling pathways, and emphasizes their value as an important tool for skin biology research.